Oleh Caroline Jackson
KUCHING, Sept 7 (Bernama) -- Located about 40 km northeast of Kuching City is the Bako-Buntal Bay, an expanse of inter-tidal mudflats fringed by mangrove forest with Gunung Santubong lying to the west and Bako National Park on the east.
Residents in the two Malay villages in the area, Kampung Bako and Kampung Buntal, derived their primary income from fishing with increasing participation in tourism activities.
However the proximity of the Bako-Buntal Bay, one of only two project sites in the country undertaken to support the implementation of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention) in four Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia, to the capital city is like a double-edged sword.
(The other project site considered of global importance as a wintering site for waterbirds is the north central Selangor coast).
Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) Kuching branch chairperson Rebecca D'Cruz said the bay has enormous potential for ecotourism but the human population and infrastructure development in the area applied a constant stress on the site and its natural resources.
"Kampung Bako is the only entry point to the (Bako) National Park and villagers gain significant income from ferrying visitors to and from while several tour companies provide wildlife cruises in the bay area, which offer close-up views of proboscis monkeys, dolphins, crocodiles, fireflies and many bird species,".
She told Bernama this when highlighting the Bako-Buntal Conservation Study, a collaborative effort between the Sarawak State Planning Unit and MNS Kuching.
The cruises covered the nearby Kuching Wetlands National Park, which is Sarawak's first and only Ramsar Site and the popular sea food destination of Kampung Buntal, with its restaurants lining the sandbar, which is also the high tide roost for shorebirds.
BIRD-WATCHING EXCURSIONS
Bird enthusiasts from MNS Kuching frequently go for bird-watching excursions at the bay, where 32 shorebird species have been recorded so far, with an estimated 15,000 waterbirds escaping from winter there.
The most significant are the Spotted Greenshank, Asian Dowitcher and Far-eastern Curlew while the numbers of Red Knot and Great Knot are among the highest for any site in Malaysia.
"Of particular note in recent years is the 31 Chinese Egrets counted in the bay in 2003, accounting for one per cent of the global population and may be the largest number recorded to date in Borneo," said D'Cruz.
She said the previous record number of 13 was charted in Brunei in December 1984 and between 15-25 in April 1986, which reinforced the global conservation importance of the bay.
Interestingly with continuous observations dating back to the early 1900s it was noted from historical records that even back in February 1913 Spotted Greenshanks were seen at Buntal while in 1935, Far-eastern Curlews were described as 'swarming' at the same bay, she said.
The area also supported a steadily increasing population of proboscis monkey initially confined to the park but protection has increased the numbers beyond its carrying capacity and the excess is spreading across the bay and into Santubong.
She said dolphin and crocodile-watching activities were rising in popularity as the waters within the bay supported at least three species of dolphins - the Irrawaddy Dolphin, Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin and the Finless Porpoise while its delta has a healthy population of estuarine crocodiles.
"The larger crocodiles can be seen basking along the exposed mudbanks and may constitute one of the most important populations of crocodiles in the state," she said, adding that the study's objective was to improve the conservation status of the bay through the establishment of a local conservation group (LCG)
PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES
In promoting the approach as an effective contribution to the implementation of the Ramsar convention on wetlands in Malaysia, she said, the LCG as an effective community-based organisation worked to find solutions for nature conservation issues of concern.
"The success of such an approach depends a great deal on the awareness level of these stakeholders," she said of the project to promote sustainable wetland-based livelihood especially for the people in Bako and Buntal villages.
Besides Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam are participating in the project to strengthen government-civil society partnerships funded by the Darwin Initiative (United Kingdom), Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund, (Japan) and the Ministry of Environment Japan.
The project received the nod from Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment, which serves as the administrative authority for the convention on wetlands in Malaysia and will run for an initial period of two years, with the possibility of an extension for a third year.
"South-East Asia's wetlands are very important for biodiversity, national economies and the well-being of local communities but unfortunately, the same wetlands have frequently been viewed as unproductive areas and converted to other land-uses," she noted.
D'Cruz said South-East Asia's remaining natural and semi-natural wetlands supported tremendous biodiversity wealth, including many threatened and endemic species, which were of vital importance in terms of the ecosystem services provided, particularly to local communities .
There are six Ramsar sites nationwide - Tasek Bera,Pahang (1994), Pulau Kukup, Sungai Pulai, and Tanjung Piai in Johor (2003), Kuching Wetlands National Park, Sarawak (2005), and the Lower Kinabatangan-Segama Wetlands, Sabah (2008), covering a total area of 134,158 hectares.
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